References

Abuhamdah S., Huang L., Elliott M. S., Howes M. J. R., Ballard C., Holmes C., et al. . (2008). Pharmacological profile of an essential oil derived from Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligand-gated channels. J Pharm. Pharmacol. 60, 377–384. 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0014

  1. Ahmad S., Ullah F., Ayaz M., Sadiq A., Imran M. (2015). Antioxidant and anticholinesterase investigations of Rumex hastatus D. Don: potential effectiveness in oxidative stress and neurological disorders. Biol. Res. 48:20. 10.1186/s40659-015-0010-2

  2. Ahmad S., Ullah F., Sadiq A., Ayaz M., Imran M., Ali I., et al. . (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of essential oil of Rumex hastatus D. Don collected from the North West of Pakistan. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16:29. 10.1186/s12906-016-0998-z 

  3. Anand R., Gill K. D., Mahdi A. A. (2014). Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease: past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 76, 27–50. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004 

  4. Angioni A., Barra A., Coroneo V., Dessi S., Cabras P. (2006). Chemical composition, seasonal variability, and antifungal activity of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas essential oils from stem/leaves and flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 4364–4370. 10.1021/jf0603329 

  5. Arctander S. (1969). Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (vol.1). Montclair, NJ: Steffen Arctander. 

  6. Asai M., Iwata N., Yoshikawa A., Aizaki Y., Ishiura S., Saido T. C., et al. . (2007). Berberine alters the processing of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein to decrease Aβ secretion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 352, 498–502. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.043

  7. Ayaz M., Junaid M., Ahmed J., Ullah F., Sadiq A., Ahmad S., et al. . (2014). Phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of crude extract, subsequent fractions and crude saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14:145. 10.1186/1472-6882-14-145

  8. Ayaz M., Junaid M., Ullah F., Sadiq A., Khan M. A., Ahmad W., et al. . (2015). Comparative chemical profiling, cholinesterase inhibitions and anti-radicals properties of essential oils from Polygonum hydropiper L: a preliminary anti-Alzheimer’s study. Lipids Health Dis. 14:141. 10.1186/s12944-015-0145-8 

  9. Ayaz M., Junaid M., Ullah F., Sadiq A., Ovais M., Ahmad W., et al. . (2016a). Chemical profiling, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluations of Polygonum hydropiper L. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16:502. 10.1186/s12906-016-1491-4 

  10. Ayaz M., Junaid M., Ullah F., Sadiq A., Subhan F., Khan M. A., et al. . (2016b). Molecularly characterized solvent extracts and saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L. show high anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor, brine shrimp, and fibroblast NIH/3T3 cell line cytotoxicity. Front. Pharmacol. 7:74. 10.3389/fphar.2016.00074

  11. Ayaz M., Subhan F., Sadiq A., Ullah F., Ahmed J., Sewell R. (2017). Cellular efflux transporters and the potential role of natural products in combating efflux mediated drug resistance. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 22, 732–756. 10.2741/4513

  12. Azizi Z., Ebrahimi S., Saadatfar E., Kamalinejad M., Majlessi N. (2012). Cognitive-enhancing activity of thymol and carvacrol in two rat models of dementia. Behav. Pharmacol. 23, 241–249. 10.1097/FBP.0B013E3283534301

  13. Bagetta G., Morrone L. A., Rombolà L., Amantea D., Russo R., Berliocchi L., et al. . (2010). Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. Fitoterapia 81, 453–461. 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.01.013 

  14. Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D., Idaomar M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 446–475. 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106

  15. Ballard C. G., O’Brien J. T., Reichelt K., Perry E. K. (2002). Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J. Clin. Psychiatry 63, 553–558. 10.4088/jcp.v63n0703

  16. Bartus R. T., Dean R. L., Pontecorvo M. J., Flicker C. (1985). The cholinergic hypothesis: a historical overview, current perspective, and future directions. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 444, 332–358. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37600.x 

  17. Birks J. S., Grimley Evans J. (2015). Rivastigmine for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. CD001191. 10.1002/14651858.CD001191.pub3 

  18. Borkovec T. D., Ruscio A. M. (2001). Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62, 37–42; discussion 43–45.

  19. Botsoglou N., Florou-Paneri P., Christaki E., Giannenas I., Spais A. (2004). Performance of rabbits and oxidative stability of muscle tissues as affected by dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 58, 209–218. 10.1080/00039420410001701404 

  20. Braden R., Reichow S., Halm M. A. (2009). The use of the essential oil lavandin to reduce preoperative anxiety in surgical patients. J Perianesth. Nurs. 24, 348–355. 10.1016/j.jopan.2009.10.002

  21. Bradley B. F., Brown S. L., Chu S., Lea R. W. (2009). Effects of orally administered lavender essential oil on responses to anxiety-provoking film clips. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 24, 319–330. 10.1002/hup.1016 

  22. Brahmachari G. (ed.) (2013). “Role of natural products as a source of Alzheimer’s drug leads: an update,” in Natural Bioactive Molecules: Impacts and Prospects, (Oxford, UK: Alpha Science International; New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.).

  23. Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94, 223–253. 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 

  24. Burt S. A. (2007). Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils: Potential Applications in Food. Netherlands: Utrecht University.

  25. Candan F., Unlu M., Tepe B., Daferera D., Polissiou M., Sökmen A., et al. . (2003). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium subsp millefolium Afan. (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 87, 215–220. 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00149-1 

  26. Cendes F. (2005). Progressive hippocampal and extrahippocampal atrophy in drug resistant epilepsy: review. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18, 173–177. 10.1097/01.wco.0000162860.49842.90 

  27. Chang S. Y. (2008). Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 38, 493–502. 10.4040/jkan.2008.38.4.493

  28. Chen Y.-J., Cheng F., Shih Y., Chang T.-M., Wang M.-F., Lan S.-S. (2008). Inhalation of neroli essential oil and its anxiolytic effects. J. Complement. Integ. Med. 5 10.2202/1553-3840.11

  29. Cioanca O., Hritcu L., Mihasan M., Trifan A., Hancianu M. (2014). Inhalation of coriander volatile oil increased anxiolytic-antidepressant-like behaviors and decreased oxidative status in beta-amyloid (1–42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Physiol. Behav. 131, 68–74. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.021

  30. Cline M., Taylor J. E., Flores J., Bracken S., McCall S., Ceremuga T. E. (2008). Investigation of the anxiolytic effects of linalool, a lavender extract, in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA J. 76, 47–52. 

  31. Cooke B., Ernst E. (2000). Aromatherapy: a systematic review. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 50, 493–496. 

  32. de Almeida R. N., Agra M. d. F., Maior F. N. S., De Sousa D. P. (2011). Essential oils and their constituents: anticonvulsant activity. Molecules 16, 2726–2742. 10.3390/molecules16032726 

  33. De Strooper B., Vassar R., Golde T. (2010). The secretases: enzymes with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 99–107. 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.218 

  34. Deiana S., Platt B., Riedel G. (2011). The cholinergic system and spatial learning. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 389–411. 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.036 

  35. Dumas J. A., Newhouse P. A. (2011). The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive aging revisited again: cholinergic functional compensation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 99, 254–261. 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.022 

  36. Edris A. E. (2007). Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytother. Res. 21, 308–323. 10.1002/ptr.2072 

  37. El Tahir K. E. H., Abdel-Kader M. S. (2008). Chemical and pharmacological study of cymbopogon proximus. Res. J. Med. Plant 2, 53–60. 10.3923/rjmp.2008.53.60

  38. El-Ghorab A., Shaaban H. A., El-Massry K. F., Shibamoto T. (2008). Chemical composition of volatile extract and biological activities of volatile and less-volatile extracts of juniper berry (Juniperus drupacea L.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 5021–5025. 10.1021/jf8001747 

  39. Elliott M., Abuhamdah S., Howes M., Lees G., Ballard C., Holmes C. (2007). The essential oils from Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as potential treatment for agitation in people with severe dementia. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 1, 143–152. 

  40. El-massry K., El-Ghorab A. (2006). Effect of essential oils and non-volatile extracts of some aromatic plants on Cu++-induced oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plant 9, 292–299.10.1080/0972060x.2006.10643507 

  41. Engel J., Jr., Pedley T.A., Aicardi J. (2008). Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

  42. Faixova Z., Faix S. (2008). Biological effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil (A Review). Folia Vet. 52, 135–139. 

  43. Faturi C. B., Leite J. R., Alves P. B., Canton A. C., Teixeira-Silva F. (2010). Anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in Wistar rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 34, 605–609. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.02.020

  44. Fisher A. (2000). Therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s disease. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 84, 101–112. 10.1254/jjp.84.101 

  45. Gaydou E. M., Randriamiharisoa R., Bianchini J. P. (1986). Composition of the essential oil of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook Fil. et Thomson forma genuina) from Madagascar. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34, 481–487. 10.1021/jf00069a028 

  46. Gaysinsky S., Weiss J. (2007). Aromatic and spice plants: uses in food safety. Stewart Postharvest Rev. 3, 1–9. 10.2212/spr.2007.4.5

  47. González-Burgos E., Carretero M., Gómez-Serranillos M. (2011). Sideritis spp.: uses, chemical composition and pharmacological activities-a review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 209–225. 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.014 

  48. Guenther E. (1950). The Essential Oils (vol. 4). New York, NY: D.Van Nostrand company.

  49. Haass C., Selkoe D. (2007). Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer’s amyloid β-peptide. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 101–112. 10.1038/nrm2101 

  50. Haense C., Kalbe E., Herholz K., Hohmann C., Neumaier B., Krais R., et al. . (2012). Cholinergic system function and cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 33, 867–877. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.015

  51. Hagan J. J., Morris R. G. M. (1988). “The cholinergic hypothesis of memory: a review of animal experiments,” in Handbook of psychopharmacology, eds Iversen L. L., Iversen S. D., Snyder S. H., editors. (New York, NY: Springer; ), 237–323.

  52. Hajhashemi V., Ghannadi A., Sharif B. (2003). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J. Ethnopharmacol. 89, 67–71. 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00234-4

  53. Halliwell B. (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet 344, 721–724. 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92211-x 

  54. Hancianu M., Cioanca O., Mihasan M., Hritcu L. (2013). Neuroprotective effects of inhaled lavender oil on scopolamine-induced dementia via anti-oxidative activities in rats. Phytomedicine 20, 446–452. 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.12.005

  55. Hansen T., Hansen B. (2007). The effect of aromatherapy on health complaints. A randomized, controlled trial. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 1, 67–71.

  56. Heinrich M., Lee Teoh H. (2004). Galanthamine from snowdrop—the development of a modern drug against Alzheimer’s disease from local Caucasian knowledge. J. Ethnopharmacol. 92, 147–162. 10.1016/s0378-8741(04)00073-x 

  57. Holttum J. R., Gershon S. (1992). The cholinergic model of dementia, Alzheimer type: progression from the unitary transmitter concept. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 3, 174–185. 10.1159/000107013 

  58. Hongratanaworakit T. (2009). Simultaneous aromatherapy massage with rosemary oil on humans. Sci. Pharm. 77, 375–387. 10.3797/scipharm.090312 

  59. Hongratanaworakit T. (2010). Stimulating effect of aromatherapy massage with jasmine oil. Nat. Prod. Commun. 5, 157–162.

  60. Huang L., Abuhamdah S., Howes M. J. R., Dixon C. L., Elliot M. S., Ballard C., et al. . (2008). Pharmacological profile of essential oils derived from Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligand-gated channels. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 60, 1515–1522. 10.1211/jpp/60.11.0013 

  61. Imanishi J., Kuriyama H., Shigemori I., Watanabe S., Aihara Y., Kita M., et al. . (2009). Anxiolytic effect of aromatherapy massage in patients with breast cancer. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 6, 123–128. 10.1093/ecam/nem073 

  62. Janahmadi M., Farajnia S., Vatanparast J., Abbasipour H., Kamalinejad M. (2008). The fruit essential oil of Pimpinella anisum L.(Umblliferae) induces neuronal hyperexcitability in snail partly through attenuation of after-hyperpolarization. J. Ethnopharmacol. 120, 360–365. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.008 

  63. Jeon S., Hur J., Jeong H. J., Koo B.-S., Pak S. C. (2011). SuHeXiang Wan essential oil alleviates amyloid beta induced memory impairment through inhibition of Tau protein phosphorylation in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 39, 917–932. 10.1142/S0192415X11009305 

  64. Kamal Z., Ullah F., Ayaz M., Sadiq A., Ahmad S., Zeb A., et al. . (2015). Anticholinesterse and antioxidant investigations of crude extracts, subsequent fractions, saponins and flavonoids of atriplex laciniata L.: potential effectiveness in Alzheimer’s and other neurological disorders. Biol. Res. 48:21. 10.1186/s40659-015-0011-1

  65. Keville K., Green M. (2012). Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art. Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press.

  66. Lee C., Park G. H., Kim C.-Y., Jang J.-H. (2011). -Gingerol attenuates β-amyloid-induced oxidative cell death via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49, 1261–1269. 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.005

  67. Lin P. W., Chan W. C., Ng B. F., Lam L. C. (2007). Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviors in Chinese older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 22, 405–410. 10.1002/gps.1688

  68. Linck V. M., da Silva A. L., Figueiró M., Piato A. L., Herrmann A. P., Dupont Birck F., et al. . (2009). Inhaled linalool-induced sedation in mice. Phytomedicine 16, 303–307. 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.08.001 

  69. Loizzo M. R., Ben Jemia M., Senatore F., Bruno M., Menichini F., Tundis R. (2013). Chemistry and functional properties in prevention of neurodegenerative disorders of five Cistus species essential oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 59, 586–594. 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.040

  70. Loizzo M. R., Menichini F., Tundis R., Bonesi M., Conforti F., Nadjafi F., et al. . (2009). In vitro biological activity of Salvia leriifolia Benth essential oil relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Oleo Sci. 58, 443–446. 10.5650/jos.58.443

  71. López V., Nielsen B., Solas M., Ramírez M. J., Jäger A. K. (2017). Exploring pharmacological mechanisms of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on central nervous system targets. Front. Pharmacol. 8:280 10.3389/fphar.2017.00280

  72. Majlessi N., Choopani S., Kamalinejad M., Azizi Z. (2012). Amelioration of amyloid β-induced cognitive deficits by zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 18, 295–301. 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00237.x 

  73. Mangialasche F., Solomon A., Winblad B., Mecocci P., Kivipelto M. (2010). Alzheimer’s disease: clinical trials and drug development. Lancet Neurol. 9, 702–716. 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70119-8

  74. Mantovan F., Rauter E., Müller I. (2009). Massage and music therapy for relief of anxiety of cancer patients in palliative care. Pflege Z. 62, 164–169.

  75. Melo F. H. C., Venâncio E. T., de Sousa D. P., de França Fonteles M. M., de Vasconcelos S. M. M., Viana G. S. B., et al. . (2010). Anxiolytic-like effect of Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) in mice: involvement with GABAergic transmission. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 24, 437–443. 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00788.x 

  76. Mimica-Dukic N., Bozin B., Sokovic M., Simin N. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L.(Lamiaceae) essential oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 2485–2489. 10.1021/jf030698a 

  77. Mischel P. S., Nguyen L. P., Vinters H. V. (1995). Cerebral cortical dysplasia associated with pediatric epilepsy. Review of neuropathologic features and proposal for a grading system. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54, 137–153. 10.1097/00005072-199503000-00001 

  78. Murakami S., Matsuura M., Satou T., Hayashi S., Koike K. (2009). Effects of the essential oil from leaves of Alpinia zerumbet on behavioral alterations in mice. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4, 129–132. 

  79. Newall C. A., Anderson L. A., Phillipson J. D. (1996). Herbal Medicines. A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The pharmaceutical press. 

  80. Nitsch R. M. (1996). From acetylcholine to amyloid: neurotransmitters and the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegeneration 5, 477–482. 10.1006/neur.1996.0066 

  81. Nussbaum R. L., Ellis C. E. (2003). Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1356–1364. 10.1056/NEJM2003ra020003 

  82. O’Brien J. T., Ballard C. G. (2001). Drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. BMJ 323, 123–123. 10.1136/bmj.323.7305.123 

  83. O’Connor P. J., Raglin J. S., Martinsen E. W. (2000). Physical activity, anxiety and anxiety disorders. Int. J. Sports Psychol. 31, 136–155. 

  84. Okello E., Dimaki C., Howes M., Houghton P., Perry E. (2008). In vitro inhibition of human acetyl-and butyryl-cholinesterase by Narcissus poeticus L. (Amaryllidaceae) flower absolute. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 2, 105–110.

  85. Oliveira J. S., Porto L. A., Estevam C. D. S., Siqueira R. S., Barreto P. B., Niculau E. D. S., et al. (2009). Phytochemical screening and anticonvulsant property of Ocimum basilicum leaf essential oil. Bol. Latinoam Caribe. Plant Med. Aromat. 8, 195–202. Available online at: http://ri.ufs.br/handle/123456789/1591 

  86. Pathan S., Zaidi S., Jain G., Vohora D., Ahmad F., Khar R. (2009). Anticonvulsant evaluation of safranal in pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus in mice. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 3, 106–108.

  87. Perry N. S., Bollen C., Perry E. K., Ballard C. (2003). Salvia for dementia therapy: review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 651–659. 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00108-4 

  88. Perveen T., Haider S., Kanwal S., Haleem D. J. (2009). Repeated administration of Nigella sativa decreases 5-HT turnover and produces anxiolytic effects in rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 22, 139–144. 

  89. Pichersky E., Noel J. P., Dudareva N. (2006). Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: nature’s diversity and ingenuity. Science 311, 808–811. 10.1126/science.1118510 

  90. Reisberg B., Doody R., Stöffler A., Schmitt F., Ferris S., Möbius H. J. (2003). Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1333–1341. 10.1056/NEJMoa013128 

  91. Robbins G., Broughan C. (2007). The effects of manipulating participant expectations of an essential oil on memory through verbal suggestion. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 1, 56–60.

  92. Sadiq A., Mahmood F., Ullah F., Ayaz M., Ahmad S., Haq F. U., et al. . (2015). Synthesis, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of ketoesters derivatives of succinimides: a possible role in the management of Alzheimer’s. Chem. Cent. J. 9:31. 10.1186/s13065-015-0107-2

  93. Satou T., Murakami S., Matsuura M., Hayashi S., Koike K. (2010). Anxiolytic effect and tissue distribution of inhaled Alpinia zerumbet essential oil in mice. Nat. Prod. Commun. 5, 143–146.

  94. Schliebs R., Arendt T. (2011). The cholinergic system in aging and neuronal degeneration. Behav. Brain Res. 221, 555–563. 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.058 

  95. Seo H.-S., Roidl E., Müller F., Negoias S. (2010). Odors enhance visual attention to congruent objects. Appetite 54, 544–549. 10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.011 

  96. Setzer W. N. (2009). Essential oils and anxiolytic aromatherapy. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4, 1305–1316.

  97. Shah S. M., Ayaz M., Khan A.-U., Ullah F., Farhan. Shah A. U., et al. . (2015). 1,1-Diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, bactericidal, fungicidal and leishmanicidal properties of Teucrium stocksianum. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 31, 1037–1043. 10.1177/0748233713487250

  98. Shimizu K., Gyokusen M., Kitamura S., Kawabe T., Kozaki T., Ishibashi K., et al. . (2008). Essential oil of lavender inhibited the decreased attention during a long-term task in humans. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72, 1944–1947. 10.1271/bbb.70835

  99. Shimizu Y., Imayoshi Y., Kato M., Maeda K., Iwabuchi H., Shimomura K. (2009). Volatiles from leaves of field-grown plants and shoot cultures of Gynura bicolor DC. Flavour Frag. J. 24, 251–258. 10.1002/ffj.1938

  100. Silva J., Abebe W., Sousa S., Duarte V., Machado M., Matos F. (2003). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 89, 277–283. 10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.007 

  101. Smith R., Cohen S. M., Doull J., Feron V., Goodman J., Marnett L., et al. . (2005). A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food: essential oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 43, 345–363. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.007 

  102. Smith-Palmer A., Stewart J., Fyfe L. (2001). The potential application of plant essential oils as natural food preservatives in soft cheese. Food Microbiol. 18, 463–470. 10.1006/fmic.2001.0415 

  103. Souza A., Silva M. C., Cardoso-Lopes E. M., Cordeiro I., Sobral M., Young M., et al. . (2009). Differential acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by volatile oils from two specimens of Marlierea racemosa (Myrtaceae) collected from different areas of the Atlantic Rain Forest. Nat. Prod. Commun. 4, 1143–1146. 

  104. Stevens R. (1981). Scopolamine impairs spatial maze performance in rats. Physiol. Behav. 27, 385–386. 10.1016/0031-9384(81)90285-7 

  105. Tepe B., Donmez E., Unlu M., Candan F., Daferera D., Vardar-Unlu G., et al. (2004). Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chem. 84, 519–525. 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00267-x 

  106. Thews G., Mutschler E., Vaupel P. (1999). Anatomie, Physiologie, Pathophysiologie Des Menschen. (Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft; ), 345–348. 

  107. Tomaino A., Cimino F., Zimbalatti V., Venuti V., Sulfaro V., De Pasquale A., et al. (2005). Influence of heating on antioxidant activity and the chemical composition of some spice essential oils. Food Chem. 89, 549–554. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.011 

  108. Ullah F., Ayaz M., Sadiq A., Hussain A., Ahmad S., Imran M., et al. . (2016). Phenolic, flavonoid contents, anticholinesterase and antioxidant evaluation of Iris germanica var; florentina. Nat. Prod. Res. 30, 1440–1444. 10.1080/14786419.2015.1057585 

  109. Ullah I., Subhan F., Ayaz M., Shah R., Ali G., Haq I. U., et al. . (2015). Anti-emetic mechanisms of Zingiber officinale against cisplatin induced emesis in the pigeon; behavioral and neurochemical correlates. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 15:34. 10.1186/s12906-015-0556-0 

  110. Vassar R. (2014). BACE1 inhibitor drugs in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 6:89. 10.1186/s13195-014-0089-7 

  111. Wahab A., Haq R. U., Ahmed A., Khan R. A., Raza M. (2009). Anticonvulsant activities of nutmeg oil of Myristica fragrans. Phytother. Res. 23, 153–158. 10.1002/ptr.2548 

  112. Wei A., Shibamoto T. (2010). Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 7218–7225. 10.1021/jf101077s 

  113. Woelk H., Schläfke S. (2010). A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine 17, 94–99. 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.006 

  114. Xu F., Uebaba K., Ogawa H., Tatsuse T., Wang B.-H., Hisajima T., et al. . (2008). Pharmaco-physio-psychologic effect of Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment using an essential oil from Lavendula angustifolia. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 14, 947–956. 10.1089/acm.2008.0240 

  115. Yanishlieva-Maslarova N., Heinonen I. (2001). “Sources of natural antioxidants: vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices and teas,” in Antioxidants in Food, eds Pokorný J., Yanishlieva N., Gordon M., editors. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; ), 210–263. 

  116. Zhang N., Zhang L., Feng L., Yao L. (2016). The anxiolytic effect of essential oil of Cananga odorata exposure on mice and determination of its major active constituents. Phytomedicine 23, 1727–1734. 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.017

  117. Zhou W., Fukumoto S., Yokogoshi H. (2013). Components of lemon essential oil attenuate dementia induced by scopolamine. Nutr. Neurosci. 12, 57–64. 10.1179/147683009x388832 

  118. Zhou W., Yoshioka M., Yokogoshi J. (2009). Sub-Chronic effects of s-Limonene on brain neurotransmitter levels and behavior of rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 55, 367–373. 10.3177/jnsv.55.367